Hypergonadism

The symptoms for hypergonadism manifest themselves differently in men and women. If you believe you may be suffering from the disorder, you may report of the following symptoms:

Symptoms for men:

• Increased sex drive
• Early baldness
• Excessive muscle mass
• Acne
   

Symptoms for women:

• Increased facial hair growth
• Deepening of voice
• Coarse body hair
• Irregular menstrual cycle​

Male hypogonadism means the testicles don't produce enough of the male sex hormone testosterone. There are two basic types of hypogonadism:

• Primary. This type of hypogonadism — also known as primary testicular failure — originates from a problem in the testicles.
• Secondary. This type of hypogonadism indicates a problem in the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland — parts of the brain that signal the testicles to produce testosterone. The hypothalamus produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which signals the pituitary gland to make follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Luteinizing hormone then signals the testes to produce testosterone.

Either type of hypogonadism can be caused by an inherited (congenital) trait or something that happens later in life (acquired), such as an injury or an infection. At times, primary and secondary hypogonadism occur together.

Primary hypogonadism:

Common causes of primary hypogonadism include:

• Klinefelter syndrome. This condition results from a congenital abnormality of the sex chromosomes, X and Y. A male normally has one X and one Y chromosome. In Klinefelter syndrome, two or more X chromosomes are present in addition to one Y chromosome.

The Y chromosome contains the genetic material that determines the sex of a child and related development. The extra X chromosome that occurs in Klinefelter syndrome causes abnormal development of the testicles, which in turn results in underproduction of testosterone.

• Undescended testicles. Before birth, the testicles develop inside the abdomen and normally move down into their permanent place in the scrotum. Sometimes one or both of the testicles aren't descended at birth.

This condition often corrects itself within the first few years of life without treatment. If not corrected in early childhood, it can lead to malfunction of the testicles and reduced production of testosterone.

• Mumps orchitis. A mumps infection involving the testicles that occurs during adolescence or adulthood can damage the testicles, affecting the function of the testicles and testosterone production.
• Hemochromatosis. Too much iron in the blood can cause testicular failure or pituitary gland dysfunction, affecting testosterone production.
• Injury to the testicles. Because they're outside the abdomen, the testicles are prone to injury. Damage to normally developed testicles can cause hypogonadism. Damage to one testicle might not impair total testosterone production.
• Cancer treatment. Chemotherapy or radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer can interfere with testosterone and sperm production. The effects of both treatments often are temporary, but permanent infertility may occur.

Although many men regain their fertility within a few months after treatment, preserving sperm before starting cancer therapy is an option for men.

Secondary hypogonadism:

In secondary hypogonadism, the testicles are normal but don't function properly due to a problem with the pituitary or hypothalamus. A number of conditions can cause secondary hypogonadism, including:

• Kallmann's syndrome. This is an abnormal development of the area of the brain that controls the secretion of pituitary hormones (hypothalamus). This abnormality can also affect the ability to smell (anosmia) and cause red-green color blindness.
• Pituitary disorders. An abnormality in the pituitary gland can impair the release of hormones from the pituitary gland to the testicles, affecting normal testosterone production. A pituitary tumor or other type of brain tumor located near the pituitary gland may cause testosterone or other hormone deficiencies.

Also, treatment for a brain tumor, such as surgery or radiation therapy, can affect the pituitary gland and cause hypogonadism.

• Inflammatory disease. Certain inflammatory diseases, such as sarcoidosis, histiocytosis and tuberculosis, involve the hypothalamus and pituitary gland and can affect testosterone production.
• HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS can cause low levels of testosterone by affecting the hypothalamus, the pituitary and the testes.
• Medications. The use of certain drugs, such as opiate pain medications and some hormones, can affect testosterone production.
• Obesity. Being significantly overweight at any age might be linked to hypogonadism.
• Normal aging. As men age, there's a slow, progressive decrease in testosterone production. The rate varies greatly.

Risk factors:

Risk factors for hypogonadism include:

• HIV/AIDS
• Previous chemotherapy or radiation therapy
• Aging
• Obesity
• Malnutrition

Hypogonadism can be inherited. If any of these risk factors are in your family health history, tell your doctor.

On your initial visit, your doctor may conduct a physical exam and ask you to undergo a blood test to check the levels of hormones in your blood. 

If the levels are abnormally high, further tests may be conducted including:

• Blood test to check the cortisol levels
• Pelvic ultrasound to look at the ovaries and adrenals
• Brain imaging to check for tumours on the pituitary gland​​

Treatment for hypergonadism can be an intensive process as it is difficult to lower the hormone levels as compared to increasing them. Your treatment options will greatly depend on the underlying cause, your age as well as your general health.

Your treatment options will include: 

• Hormonal therapy
• Surgical intervention ​​